The emergence of antibiotic resistance in aquatic ecosystems, especially in fish, poses significant public health risks, especially when these bacteria are transferred to humans through the food chain. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from the gut of fish and assess the antibacterial potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) against multiple drug-resistant (MDR) strains. A total of 100 fish samples from various aquatic environments were analyzed, and the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified. Lactic acid bacteria, primarily Lactobacillus spp., were isolated from fermented food products and tested for antibacterial activity. Results showed a high prevalence of MDR bacteria in the fish gut. Furthermore, LAB exhibited promising antibacterial activity against these resistant strains, suggesting their potential as natural alternatives to antibiotics in controlling fish-associated pathogens.

Composite materials have gained significant attention in modern engineering and construction due to their superior mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties compared to conventional materials. These materials, which consist of two or more distinct phases, exhibit enhanced strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. The application of composite materials spans various industries, including aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and biomedical fields. This paper discusses the classification, properties, and advantages of composite materials while emphasizing the significance of advanced processing techniques such as polymerization, curing, and reinforcement integration. The manufacturing processes, including resin transfer molding, vacuum infusion, and additive manufacturing, play a crucial role in determining the final properties of composites. Proper processing techniques ensure improved structural integrity, lightweight characteristics, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the environmental sustainability of composite materials is explored, highlighting the need for recycling and eco-friendly production methods. As industries shift toward greener alternatives, research into biodegradable and recyclable composites is gaining momentum. This study underscores the importance of continued innovation in composite material technology and its implications for the future of sustainable engineering.

The article analyzes the mesh surface, which is one of the main working parts of the raw cotton cleaning process at cotton ginning plants. The types and sizes of mesh surfaces used in cotton ginning plants, as well as their useful surface area, were determined using the Solidworks program. The useful surface angle of the mesh surface relative to the center of the spiked drum was determined at various values. As a result, graphs of the change in the useful surface relative to the center of the spiked drum are presented.

This scientific article describes the economic essence of the capital market and its significance in the development of the national economy. The dynamics of capital market development and the scientific aspects of attracting financial resources from the capital market have been studied based on the conclusions of scholars. The main directions for capital market development and the practical aspects of attracting financial resources have been analyzed. Proposals for improving the methodological aspects of attracting financial resources from the capital market in Uzbekistan have been developed.

Past traumatic memories often negatively impact people’s daily lives. These recollections can harm both mental and physical health, contributing to stress, anxiety, and depression. Various psychological techniques and therapies have been developed to modify or mitigate the effects of distressing memories.

The article presents some data obtained on the study of photosynthesis and respiration rates of fine-fibre cotton varieties in conditions of soils with varying degrees of salinity. During the experiments, the photosynthesis and respiration rates of fine-fibre cotton varieties Surkhon-18, Termiz-202, Termiz-208, SP-1607 and Surkhon-16 were investigated in relation to the level of salinity in the soil. It was found that there is a relationship between the level of salt tolerance of photosynthesis and respiration rates among the studied varieties, and its change varies to varying degrees depending on the stages of growth and development and biological characteristics of the varieties.

This article analyzes methods for detecting unauthorized changes in multimedia data based on the Markov chain model and related problems. The article examines the application of the Markov chain model in detecting manipulation of multimedia materials, in particular images and videos. The capabilities of the Markov chain model, in particular, how it works effectively in detecting unauthorized changes in images, the development of its algorithms and how manipulations can be detected using them are analyzed. The article also examines the main difficulties and problems that arise in analyzing multimedia data, the advantages and limitations of tools for fast and efficient analysis of materials of various sizes. This article is mainly aimed at highlighting the application of the Markov chain model in detecting manipulations in multimedia materials and its importance in the field of digital forensics.

This article reviews existing tools for detecting unauthorized modification of multimedia data and their problems. The article analyzes Fourier transform and statistical models as one of the most widely used methods for detecting manipulation in multimedia documents. The process of determining the frequency spectrum of data and its changes using Fourier transform, as well as analyzing images and videos using statistical methods, is shown. The article also provides an analysis of the main problems encountered in analyzing multimedia data, including the large volume of data and tools for improving the efficiency of analysis. Innovative approaches and methods are considered to ensure the efficiency of analysis, which will allow developing more effective and faster methods for detecting unauthorized modification of multimedia materials.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) has transformed language learning methodologies, particularly in the acquisition of Korean as a foreign language. This study explores the integration of NLP-based chatbots and mobile applications as innovative tools for enhancing Korean language learning. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, speech recognition, and contextual understanding, these digital solutions offer personalized, interactive, and immersive learning experiences. The research examines the effectiveness of AI-driven chatbots in improving learners' pronunciation, grammar accuracy, and conversational fluency, while mobile applications complement traditional pedagogies through gamification and adaptive feedback mechanisms. A comparative analysis of user engagement, learning outcomes, and cognitive retention is conducted through empirical data from various educational platforms. Findings suggest that NLP-based chatbots and mobile applications significantly enhance learner motivation, reduce language anxiety, and facilitate self-paced learning. This study underscores the potential of AI-driven technologies in reshaping Korean language education and highlights implications for future pedagogical strategies.

At first glance, time seems simple, but upon deeper examination, it becomes an extremely mysterious and abstract concept. It is difficult to categorize it as a tangible or intangible entity. To take such an abstract phenomenon as a poetic subject and reveal it with high poetic standards requires the creator to be both a great poet and a philosopher. That is, they must transform abstract thought into poetry and uncover the charm hidden within it.